![]() ![]() Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period (1683).įor 18th-century historians studying the 14th and 15th centuries, the central theme was the Renaissance, with its rediscovery of ancient learning and the emergence of an individual spirit. Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire (1439–1453). Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). ![]() The term "Late Middle Ages" refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. Some historians, particularly in Italy, prefer not to speak of the Late Middle Ages at all but rather see the high period of the Middle Ages transitioning to the Renaissance and the modern era. As a result, there was developmental continuity between the ancient age (via classical antiquity) and the modern age. However, the division is somewhat artificial, since ancient learning was never entirely absent from European society. The changes brought about by these developments have led many scholars to view this period as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of modern history and of early modern Europe. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations. Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes, leading to the Spanish expedition under Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492 and Vasco da Gama's voyage to Africa and India in 1498. The expansion of the Ottoman Empire cut off trading possibilities with the East. Toward the end of the period, the Age of Discovery began. Those two things would later lead to the Reformation. Ĭombined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing, which facilitated the dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. ĭespite the crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. Collectively, those events are sometimes called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages. To add to the many problems of the period, the unity of the Catholic Church was temporarily shattered by the Western Schism. France and England experienced serious peasant uprisings, such as the Jacquerie and the Peasants' Revolt, as well as over a century of intermittent conflict, the Hundred Years' War. Along with depopulation came social unrest and endemic warfare. A series of famines and plagues, including the Great Famine of 1315–1317 and the Black Death, reduced the population to around half of what it had been before the calamities. Īround 1350, centuries of prosperity and growth in Europe came to a halt. The Late Middle Ages followed the High Middle Ages and preceded the onset of the early modern period (and in much of Europe, the Renaissance). ![]() The Late Middle Ages, or late medieval period was the period of European history lasting from AD 1300 to 1500. Death sits astride a lion whose long tail ends in a ball of flame (Hell). From the Apocalypse in a Biblia Pauperum illuminated at Erfurt around the time of the Great Famine. Period of European history between AD 13 Europe and the Mediterranean region, c. ![]()
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